Childhood & Growing Up

Contents
Chpater
Unit-I (Growth and Development)
1. Growth and Development: Concept and Principles Meaning of A Child, Meaning of Development, Development of The Whole Child, Development Tree, Characteristics of Child Development, Objectives of Child Development, Scope of Child Development, Need of Child Development for the Teacher, Nature and Principles of Growth and Development, Embryonic Development, Functional Development During Pregnancy, Human Growth and Development: Aspect 1, Physical Development During Infancy, Early Childhood Stage, Later Childhood Stage, Adolescence Stage, Educational Implication of Physical Development, Human Growth and Development: Aspect 2, Mental Development, Infancy, Early Childhood, Later Childhood, Adolescence, Educational Implications, Human Growth and Development: Aspect 3, Emotional Development, They are discussed below, Infancy Stage, Early Childhood Stage, Later Childhood Stage, Adolescence Stage, Educational Implications, Human Growth and Development Major Aspect 4, Social Development, Infancy Stage, Early Childhood Stage, Later Childhood Stage, Adolescence Stage, Educational Implication, Comparison of Development and Growth, Principles of Growth and Development, Educational Implications of the Principles, Classification of Stages of Development, Characteristics and Importance of Stages of Human Growth and Development, (A) Infancy (from Birth to 2 years). (B) Early Childhood (from 2 to 6 years), (C) Later Childhood (from 6 to 14 years), (D) Adolescence (from 14 to 18 years), The Characteristics of Growth Rate, Growth Rate at Different Stages, Growth Curves, Development Needs of Children, Physiological and Psychological Needs of Human Beings, Developmental Tasks, Meaning of Developmental Tasks, Characteristics of Development Tasks, Purposes of Developmental Tasks, Hazards Related to Developmental Tasks, Factor Promoting Developmental Tasks, Developmental Tasks at Various Stages, A. Brith to 6 years, B. 6 to 12 years, C. Adolescence (12 to 20 years), Hints for Parents and Teachers Relating to Developmental Tasks, Maturation and Training. Few Definitions, Comparison between Maturation and Learning. Educational Implications of Growth and Development, Theories of Child Development, School and Theories of Development, Jean Piaget's Theory of Development, Havinghurst's Theory of Development, Comparison of the Theories of Development, Psychoanalytic Theory of Development, Erikson's Theory of Psychological Stages, Robert S. Sear's Development Theory, Nature of Child Development, Dimensions of Development, Learning Exercise.

2. Theories of Growth and Development
Theories of Development, 1. Maturational Theory, 2. Behaviourist Theory, 3. Psychoanalytic Theory, 4. Constructivist Theory, 5. The Sociohistorical Approach, 6. Ecological Systems Theory, 7. Multiple Intelligences Theory, Theories of Human Development, Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory, Bruner's Cognitive Development Theory, Erikson's Social Develoment Theory, Piaget' Moral Development Theory, Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory, Albert Bandura's Theory of Social Learning. The Spread of TV Violence Through Modeling, Gesell's Maturational Theory, Principles of Development, The Concept of Maturation, The Study of Patterns, Reciprocal Interweaving, Functional Asymmetry, Self- Regulation, Individuality, Philosophy of Child-rearing, Criticisms. Theory of Knowledge: Generative Grammar and Cognitive Theory, Theory of Human Nature, Theory of Learning, Theory of Transmission, Theory of Society, Theory of Opportunity, Theory of Consensus, Basis Principles Underlying The Vygotskian Framework, Personality Theories, Psycho-Analytic Theory of Personality: S. Freud, The Id, The Ego, The Super Ego, Theory of Psycho-sexual Genesis, Psycho-Sexual Genesis, Gordon W. Allport, Individual Character and Temperament, Personality Traits, Intentions, The Proprium, Functional Autonomy, Development of Personality, Adult Personality, Methods of Research, Direct and Indirect Measurement of Personality, Studies of Overt Behaviour, Present Position and Evaluation, Henry A. Murray, The Regnancy, The Regnancy and the Consciousness, Variables of the Regnancy, R. B. Cattell, Social Learning Theory, Kurt Lewin, What is Topological Psychology?, Conflict with Association Theory, Criticism of Gestalt, Elaboration of Topological Principle, Day-dreams, Valence, Vector and Barrier, Influence of Frustration, Mental Tension, Aspiration Legel, Psychology and the Topological Principle, Learning Exercises.


Unit-II (Childhood and Development)
3. Physical and Motor Development Importance of Physical Growth and Development, General Pattern of Physical Growth and Development, Anatomical Growth and Development, Systems Undergoing Growth and Development, Physical Characteristics and Needs of Children, Physical Development at the Adolescent Stage, A. Primary Sex Features, B. Secondary Sex Features, General Characteristics of Child's Development, Common Causes of Delayed Motor and Physical Development, Factors Affecting Physical Growth and Development, Educational Implications, Organization of Physical Development Progarmme, Stages of Physical Development, Infancy, Development of Internal Organs, Important Facts about the Infant's Development, Infancy Prior to Childhood, Childhood, Adolescence, Notable Facts Concerning Adolescence. Motor Development, Patterns of Crawling and Creeping, Motor Development and Education, Important Factors in Motor Development, Important Factors in teh Teaching of Motor Activity,

Learning Exercise.
4. Emotional Development
Meaning of Emotions, Emotiontal Development in Infants, Emotional Development During Childhood, Emotional Development in Adolescence, Emotion, Sentiment and Character, Development of Sentiment, Sentiment and Character, Moral Character and Character, Sentiment and Culture, Process of Character Formation, Factors Influencing Character, Control of Emotions, Control of Emotions Through Sublimation, Anger, Causes and Results of Anger, Means of Removing Anger, Jealousy, Causes of Jealousy, Results of Jealousy, Means of Removing Jealousy, Friendship, Role of Mother in Emotional Development, Pre-mature Children, Inferiority Complex, Emotional Problems, Resistant Behaviour, Prejudices, Chief Characteristics of Emotions, Effects of Emotions, Methods of Modifying Emotions, Factors Disturbing Emotional Development of Children at School, Factors Influencing Emotional Development, Role of The School and The Teacher, Hints for the Emotional Development of Children. Factors That Influence Social And Emotional Development In Children, Why Is Social Development In Children Important?, How To Enhance Social And Emotional Skills ?. Essential Points To Remember About Your Kids, Learning Exercise.

5. Social Development
Definitions of Social Development, Characteristics of Social Development, Socially Matured Individual, Socially Undeveloped Individual, Social Development in Infancy. Responses of Infants to Adults, Observed in 60% or More of the Cases, Responses of Infants to other Infants, Observed in 60% or More of the Cases, Social Development in Childhood, Hindrances in the Social Development of the Child. Factors Affecting the Social Development of the Child, Social Development in Adolescence, Role of the Family. Most Important Agency of Education, Importance of Parents-Child Relationship, Different Roles of the Parents in the Early Education, Relation between Child and his Parents, Criminal Tendency and the Parent-Child Relationship, Need for Balance. Impact of Discrimination, Effect of the Character of Parents, Effect of the Mutual Relation of Parents, Effects of the Broken Family, Effect of the Financial Status, Family has a Nuclear Situation, Society Depends Upon Family, Family Socializes Individual, Family is the Conveyor Traditions, Social Control Through the Family, Mother Tongue in the Family, Need for Parent's Education, Methods of Improving Family Relationship, Role of the School in the Development of the Child, Concept of Well-Managed School, Requirements for Intellectual Development, Requirements for Moral and Social Development, Activities to be Organised. Means of Physical Development of the Child, Agencies of the School in the Promotion of Learning, Requirements for Aesthetic Development, Influence of Playmates and Classfellows, Influence of Group on the Child, Growth of Community Sentiment, Social Isolates, Social Stratification and Child Development, Role of Competition, Role of Discipline, Reward and Punishment, Difference between Discipline and Order, Object of Discipline, Discipline in the Class-room, Methods of Discipline, Role of Rewards, Role of Rewards, Meaning of Reward, Kinds of Rewards, Aim of Rward, Principles for giving Award, Role of Punishment, Objectives of Punishment, Excessive Use of Punishment, Consequences of Excessive Punishment, Propriety of Excessive Punishment, Principles Underlying Punishment, Teacher's Role in Social Development of the Child, Hints for the Teachers, The Place of Gender Role in On's Social Development, Gender-Role Development, The Development of Sex and Gender, Prenatal Development, Infancy, Early Childhood, Middle Childhood, Adolescence, Learning Exercise.
6. The Place of Gender Role in One's Social Development Meaning of Gender Roles, History of Gender Roles, Talcott Parsons' View, Geert Hofstede's Views, Albert Ellis' Views, John Money's Views, What are the Most Common Gender Stereotypes?, Influences on Gender Roles in Childhood, Parental Influences, Patterns of Play, Friendships, School, Influences of Culture and Gender on Personality, Culture and Personality, Gender and Personality, Influence of Gender Roles on Personality Expression, Approaches to Studying Personality in a Cultural Context, Gender Stereotypes Experiencing in Various Aspects, In Home, Gender Stereotyping in Family, Statement of the Problem, Method, Areas of Analysis Based on Primary and Secondary Data, Gender Socialization and Gender Stereotyping, Differences Between Boys and Girls and Gender Stereotyping, Parents' Role in Inculcation of Gender Stereotyping, Differential Treatment in Family and Gender Stereotyping, Division of Labour in Family and Gender Stereotyping, Findings and Conclusion, Recommendations, Familial Environment, Gender Mainstreaming, Role of Media, Gender Stereotypes in Schools and Education, Gender Stereotypes Expercenicing in High School, Gender Role Stereotypes and Students-Teacher Interactions, Influence of Gender Role Stereotypes On School Subjects, Motivational and Behavioural Consequences of Stereotyping. Ten Ways to Challenge Gender Stereotypes in the Classroom, Gender Stereotype at Playgrounds, Summary, Learning Exercise.


Unit-III Socialization Agencies and The Child
7. Childhood in the Context of Poverty, Globalisation and Adult Culture
Childhood in the Context of Poverty, Causes of Childhood Poverty, Consequences of Living Below Poverty Line, Effect of Poverty In The Development of A Child, Causes for Provocation, Single Mothers, Taunting in School, Long Term Deprivation, Low Income of the Household, Effects of childhood in the context of poverty, Long Term Poverty Continues, End Becomes Important than the Means, More Prone to Violence, Power and Status Monger, Poor Learning and Comprehensive Skills, Childhood in the Context of Globalisation, Globalisation, Why has globalisation increased?, The Advantages of Globalisation, The Disadvantages of Globalisation, Poverty and 21st Century Child and Childhood, The Effects of Poverty on Children, Effects of Income on Child, Impact of Poverty on Children's Development and Educational Outcomes, USA, Developing Countries, Poverty and Families, Mechanisms for the Effect of Poverty on Child Development and Educational Outcomes, Direct Effects of Poverty, Moderated Effects of Poverty, Mediated Effects of Poverty, Transactional Effects of Poverty, Community Influences on Poverty, Interventions to Improve Children's Development and Educational Outcomes, Reducing Family Poverty, Improving School Readiness: The Impact of High-Quality Preschool Programs, Improving the Family's Capacity to Support Children's Development and Academic Achievement: Parent Education and Support Programs, Comprehensive Programs, Other Risk Factors in the Context of Poverty, Recommendations for Future Programs and Policies to Improve Children's Development and Educational Outcomes in the Context of Poverty, A Huge Strain on People, Hostages in the Poverty Trap, Child Labour & Child Rights, The Worst Sometimes Awaits at Home Poverty Equals more Child Abuse, Why Child is not Important to Some People?, Physical Abuse, Neglect, Alcohol, Drugs and Maltreatment, Living in the Slums, the Only Alternative?, Getting out of the Slums - It's never over, Investing in Children's Development Higher Income, Better Chances, Brain Development: A Sensitive Topic, Helping Parents: The New Front, Being on all fronts to better help children in poverty, Empowering Parents and Post-recession Welfare, Further (Useful) Safety Nets, Roots of Juvenile Crimes in Poverty, Age Group, Treatment given to Juveniles, Various Programs, Child Protection Rights in India, Globalisation, Define the Youth Culture, Globalisation and Its Impact on this Culture, Is Globalisation a Youth or Just an Adult Thing ?, What Young People Have to Say about This Issue and Their World Views, Young People and the Technical World, Why Bother or Engage this Culture?, Young People as Missionaries for the Right Reasons Make Good Candidates, Globalisation and Cultural Changes,

Learning Exercise.
8. Socialization: Concept and Agencies
Meaning of Socialization, Types, Family, Parenting, Factors that Affect parenting Decisions, Establishing Trust, Parenting Styles, Emotional Education, Social Exposure, Child Rearing Practices, Indulgent Parents, Authoritarian Parents, Authoritative Parents, Uninvolved Parents, Child-rearing Beliefs and particles in Indian Culture, Social Differences, Physical Closeness, Disciplinary Techniques, Gender Preferences, Child Welfare Agencies, Laws and Schemes in India, Demographic Situation, Constitutional Provisions, Legislations, POLICIES, National Policy for Children, 22-08-1974, Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme, Recent Initiatives, State Commissions for Protection of Child Rights, Offences Against Children (Prevention) Bill, Child Budgeting, Other Activities of Child Welfare, Cooperation with UNICEF, Children's Day/Vatsalaya Mela, National Awards, National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement, National Award for Child Welfare, Rajiv Gandhi Manav Seva Award, Parliamentary Forum on Children, Cultural Exchange Programme, Deputation of a Child Delegation to Mangolia, Working Group on Development of Children, Learning Exercise.

9. Role of Peers in Child Development Peer, FRIENDSHIPS, Functions, Qualities and Correlates of Friendships, How Friendships Influence Development, School-Based Influences on Students' Friendships, Friends Versus Peers, Cooperation and Conflict, Aggression and Bullying, Influence of Peer Rejection, Deviant Peer Affiliation in Adolescence, Bullying in Early Childhood, Chat is Child Bullying?, Signs of Child Bullying, Bullying adolescence: The Role of the Peer Group, Definitions of Bullying, Peer Acceptance and Status, Setting the Stage for Bullying in Middle School, Transition to Middle School and "Fitting in".

Learning Exercise.
10. Role of Schools in Child Development
Peer Influence, Substance Use and Adolescents, Prevention and Intervention, Peer Pressure and Sexual Intercourse. Factors in Likelihood to Conform, Responses to Peer Pressure, The Third Wave, As a Leadership Tool. Explanation, Relationship with Peers in School, Toles of Peers in Children's Development, Teacher and Child, What Are Positive Teacher-Child, Relationships?, School Support Staff, General Signs of Abuse (As Defined in NSPCC's face Sheet), Middle Childhood, School age (5 to 16 years), Adolescence, Types of Abuse and Neglect (As defined in Keeping Children Safe in Education), Role of the School in Protecting Your Child from Abuse, Dealing with Suspected Cases of Abuse, Preventing Inappropriate Relationships at School, Vetting of School Staff, How Do Teachers Expectations Affect Student Learning, Teacher Behaviour Toward High- and Low-Expectation Students, Well-Meaning but Counter- Productive Teacher Behaviours, Ability Grouping and Tracking, Teacher Expectations and Academic Achievement, Who are Overage Students?. Learning Exercise.

11. Social, Economic and Cultural Differences in Socialisation: Implications for Inclusion
Social Diversities and Socialization, Social Experience and Human Development, Culture Versus Biology, Culture, Adapting One's Culture, Impact of Different Social Status on socialization process, Research Work, Systems of Stratification, The Caste System, The Class System, Meritocracy, Status Consistency, Economic Conditions Affects Socialization Process, Implications of Inclusion, Social Programming, Suggestions to Cater Economical Differences in Socialization, Group Play, Role of a Teacher, Learning Exercise.

Unit-IV (Childhood: Issue and Concerns)
12. Counselling of Children in Specific Stressful Conditions Social Issues, Meaning of Counselling of Children, Counselling for Young People Different?, Counselling Benefit Young People, Child Related Issues, Counsellor or Psychocounsellor, Kinds of Counsellors are There?. Use of Counsellor, Different Types of Counselling, Talking With Children About Difficult Topics, Separation or Divorce of Parents, What Happens for Children when their Parents Separate?, What Happens to Children at Differentaiges when Parents Separate?, What is the Effect of Continuing Disagreement Over Children?, How parents Can Make things Difficult for Children Following Separation?, Ways you can help Your Children, Making Decisions, Suggestions About Making Arrangements for Your Children, Does Child Need a Counselling?. Counseling Children of Divorce, How do Children of Divorce React to Counseling by Age Group?, Group Counseling, Individual Divorce Counseling, Children Affected by Armed Conflict, Priority Actions for the Future on Children Affected by Armed Conflict, The Death of a Parent: Healing Children Grief, The Interdependence of Grief and Development, Capacity to Grieve and Understand Death's Finality, Tasks of Children's Mourning, Accepting the Reality of the Loss, Experiencing the Pain and Emotional Aspects of the Loss, Adjusting to an Environment without the Deceased Parent, Relocating the Dead Parent in One's Life, The Many Facesnof A Child's Grief, When can Counselling Help?, Basic Sessions for Counselling or Counselling. Session One, Session Two, Session Three, Session Four, Session Five, Session Six, Follow Up, Evaluation, Counselling of Abused and Neglected Children, Theoretical Orientations, Role of the Counsellor. Client's Right in Counselling. Abuse Free Environment, Protection and Limit-Setting, Terminology and Communication, The Therapeutic Relationship, Emotional Safety, Resistance, Stages of Counselling. Intake Phase, Determining the Child's Need for Treatment, Taking a History, Developing a Treatment Plan, Determining the Prognosis, Beginning Phase, Middle Phase, Accessing the Abuse Memories, Sensations, Thoughts and Feelings, Beliefs, Termination Phase, Long-Term Issues, Treatment Modalities, Primary Prevention Programs, Play Counselling. Individual Counselling. What is Child Sexual Abuse ?, Non-contact abuse or "Unsafe Actions" are. Ten Myths & Facts about Child Sexual Abuse, Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect, Physical Abuse, Consquences Within the Intrapersonal Category, Determinants of Abuse: Compensatory and Risk Factors, Consequences Within the Interpersonal Category, Consequences Within the Physical Category, Consequences Within the Sexual Category. Consequences Within the behavioural Conduct Category, Child Sexual Abuse, Consequences Within the Intrapersonal Category. Consequences Within the Interpersonal Category, Consequences Within the Physical Category, Consequences Within the Sexual Category, Consequences Within the behavioural Conduct Category, Child Neglect, Consequences Within the Intrapersonal Category, Consequences Within the Interpersonal Category, Consequences Within the Physical Category, Consequences Within the Sexual Category, Consequences Within the Behavioural Conduct Category, Learning Exercise.

13. Protection of Child Rights (Role and Contribution of UNICEF, WHO, National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights, National Human Rights Commission, Child Help Lines and NGO'S)
Protection of Child Rights, Undertake and Promote Research in the Field of Child Rights, Inspect Institutions Meant for Juvenile/ Children, UNICEF's Strategies and Contribution, Supporting its stand on critical issues, Progress and Challenges, Role of WHO in Child's Health, Role and Contribution of NCPCR, Role of NHRC, Role of National Human Rights Commission in Protecting and Promoting Children's Rights, Child Labour, Children as Domestic Help, Problem of Child Marriage, Trafficking in Children, Sexual Violence Against Children, Female Foeticide and Infanticide, Right to Health, Juvenile Justice, Handling of Complaints Related to Children, Optional Protocols to the CRC, Childline India, Vision, Objectives, At Childline (Every Call is Important), Crisis Intervention, Long-Term Rehabilitation, NGO's in India. Learning Exercise.

14. Child Obesity: Causes and Remedies Child Obesity. Effects on Health, Mortality, Survival Paradox, Causes, Sedentary Lifestyle, Genetics, Other Illnesses, Social Determinants, Gut Bacteria, Pathophysiology, Public Health, Reports, Management, Epidemiology, History of Obesity, Etymology, Historical Attitudes, Society and Culture Economic Impact, Size Acceptance, Industry Influence on Research, 1. Childhood Obesity, 2. Leading a Sedentary Lifestyle, 3. Not Sleeping Enough, 4. Endocrine disruptors, such as some foods that interfere with lipid metabolism, 5. Lower rates of smoking (smoking suppresses appetite), 6. Medications that make patients put on weight, 7. Is obesity Self-perpetuating? 8. Obesity Gene, Identification and Diagnosis of Obesity Among Children, Symptoms and Complications, Obesity Treatment & Management, Weight-Loss Programs, Pharmacologic therapy, Surgery, Weight-loss-associated morbidity, Health Effects of Obesity, Common Factors Influencing Obesity, How To Prevent Obesity, Preventing Obesity in Infants, Preventing Obesity in Adults, Keeping the Weight Off, Strategies to Keep Weight Off, Weight Cycling, Learning Exercise.

15. Equity Issues and Inclusion
What is EFA?, Historical Development Towards "Education for All", Global Commitment, Sarva Sikhsa Abhiyaan, Progress Towards the EFA Goals, Purpose and Methods of the Case Study, Promising EFA Initiative, Aims and Evolution of the SSA Initiative, Achievements and Limitations, Access, Progress in Education in India, Equity, Quality, Increased Inputs, Decline in Pupil-teacher Ratios, Changes in Curricula, Planning, Training and Monitoring, Institutional Changes, Increase in Education Expenditure, Findings and Conclusions, Findings, Vision, Goals and Objectives of RMSA, Vision of RMSA, Goals of RMSA and Objectives of RMSA, Quality Improvement Interventions, Problems in Achieving EFA, Why Girls are Still Held Back ?, Rights to Education: What Happens Outside School, Working Children: A Major brake on Schooling, In the Name of Tradition, Disability, Cost of Schooling, Women Teachers as Role Models, Central Government Schemes for School Education, Learning Exercise.