Childhood & Growing Up

Unit-1 Growth and Development

1.0 Introduction
1.1 Meaning and Concept of Growth 1.1.1 Meaning of Growth
1.1.2 Concept of Growth
1.1.3 Definition of Growth
1.1.4 Characteristics of Growth

1.2 Meaning of Development
1.2.1 Definitions of Development
1.2.2 Understanding Lifespan Development
1.2.3 Characteristics of Development
1.3 Stages of Growth and Development
1.3.1 Age Span for Human Developmental Stage
1.3.2 Common Stages of Human Life

1.4 Differences between Growth and Development
1.5 Importance of Growth and Development for Teachers
1.6 Theoretical Viewpoints to Understand the Human Development Process
1.6.1 Characteristic of Human Development
1.6.2 Impact of Society on Learning at Different Stages
1.6.2.1 Early Childhood (3-6 Years)
1.6.2.2 Later Childhood (7-12 Years)
16.23 Adolescence (12+ to 19 Years)


1.7 Theories of Development
1.7.1 Biological Theory (Pre-birth Development)
1.7.1.1 Which Stage of Life is Important?
1.7.2 Learning Theory
1.7.3 Psycho-analytical Theory
1.7.4 Cognitive Theory
1.7.5 Role Theory


1.8 Socio-Economic Factors on Child's Development
1.8.1 Family
1.8.2 School
1.8.3 Neighbourhood
1.8.4 Community

1.8.5 Educational Implications

1.8.6 Mothers Education

1.9 Socio-Cultural Factors on Development
1.9.1 Early Childhood
1.9.2 Later Childhood
1.9.3 Adolescence

1.10 Individual Differences
1.10.1 Concept of Individual Differences
1.10.2 Definitions of Individual Differences
1.10.3 Nature of Individual Differences
1.10.4 Characteristics of Individual Differences
1.10.5 Classification of Individual Differences
1.10.6 Factors Associated with Individual Differences
1.10.7 Cautions to be taken in Assessing Individual Differences
1.10.8 Role of Education to Reduce Individual Differences


Unit-2 Understanding the Learner in Socio-cultural Perspectives
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Social Effects on Learner
2.1.1 Concept of Socialization
2.1.2 Meaning of Socialization
2.1.3 Process of Socialization
2.1.4 Methods of Socialization


2.2 Agencies of Socialization
2.2.1 The Family
2.2.2 The Peer Group
2.2.3 The School
2.2.4 The Books
2.2.5 The Mass Media

2.3 Social Change
2.3.1 Definition of Social Change
2.3.2 Factors that Determine Social Change
2.3.3 Role of Teachers in Social Change

24 Cultural Effects on Learner
2.4.1 Meaning of Culture
2.4.2 Culture-Definitions
2.4.3 Characteristics of Culture
2.4.4 Cultural Conflict
2.4.5 Education and Cultural Lag
2.4.6 Cultural Ambivalence and Tolerance
2.4.7 Culture and Its Implications for Education

2.5 Teaching-Learning Process
2.5.1 The Learner
2.5.2 Factors Influencing the Learner
2.5.3 Teacher and Teaching
2.5.4 Learning Process
2.5.5 Learning Experience
2.5.6 Learning Environment
2.5.7 General Principles of Learning
2.5.8 Process of Meta Cognition

2.6 Psycho-Social Factors and its Influence on Learner
2.6.1 Parents
2.6.2 Teachers
2.6.3 Classroom Climate
2.6.4 School
2.6.5 Ethnicity

2.7 Political Factors and its Influence on Learner
2.7.1 Constitutional Provisions of Child Rights
2.7.2 Administration Factors

2.8 Socio-Economic Factors and its Influence on Learner
2.8.1 Poverty
2.8.2 Gender
2.8.3 Religion
2.8.4 Caste
2.8.5 Social Class

2.9 Socio-Cultural Factors and its Influence on Learner
2.9.1 Family
2.9.2 School Environment
2.9.3 Community
2.9.4 Peer Group

2.10 Political Policies and Provisions
2.10.1 Introduction
2.10.2 Rights of the Child
2.10.3 National Initiatives on Right of the Child
2.10.4 Elimination of Child Labour
2.10.5 Legal Provisions for Protection of Rights of the Child
2.10.6 Violation of Rights of the Child within the School

2.11 Significance of Educational Psychology to the Teacher

Unit-3 Adolescence Education
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Need, Meaning and Definitions of Adolescence Education
3.1.1 Need of Adolescence Education
3.1.2 Meaning of Adolescence Education
3.1.3 Definitions of Adolescence Education
3.1.4 Stages of Adolescence
3.1.5 Characteristics of Adolescence
3.1.6 Importance of Adolescence Period
3.1.7 Problems of Adolescence

3.2 Importance of Adolescence Education (AE)
3.2.1 Concept of Adolescence Education
3.2.2 The Aims of Adolescence Education Programme (AEP)
3.2.3 Objectives of Adolescence Education Programme (AEP)
3.2.4 Curriculum of Adolescence Education Programme (AEP)
3.3 Significance of Life Skill Education for Adolescence
3.3.1 Thinking Skills and Social Skills
3.3.2 The Ten Core Life Skills
3.3.3 Implementing Agencies of AEP
3.4 Role of Self-efficacy in Adolescence Education

Unit-4 Learning
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Concept of Learning
4.1.1 Meaning of Learning
4.1.2 Definitions of Learning
4.1.3 Characteristics of Learning
4.1.4 Factors of Learning
4.1.5 Learning as a Process and Product

4.2 Different Viewpoints of Learning and their Classroom Implications
4.2.1 Learning by Trial and Error (Thorndike Theory)
4.2.1.1 Educational Implication
4.2.2 Learning by Stimulus-Response Conditioning
4.2.2.1 Classical Conditioning
4.2.2.2 Principles of Classical Conditioning
4.2.2.3 Types of Conditioning
4.2.2.4 Educational Implication
4.2.3 Learning by Operant Conditioning (Skinner Theory)
4231 Educational Implication
4.2.4 Learning by Insight (Kohler Theory)
4.2.4.1 Educational Implication of Learning by Insight
4.2.5 Learning Through Knowledge (Cognitive Theory)
4.2.6 Social Cognitive Theory - Vygotsky


4.3 Enhancement of Learning Skills
4.3.1 Auditory Strategies
4.3.2 Visual Strategies
4.3.3 Communication Strategies
4.3.4 Ways to Minimize the Learning Problems
4.3.5 Learning Disabilities
4.4 Transfer of Learning
4.4.1 Meaning of Transfer of Learning
4.4.2 Definition of Transfer of Learning
4.4.3 Types of Transfer of Learning
4.5 Learner's Individual Differences
4.6 Factors Affecting Learning Problems
4.6.1 Intellectual Factors
4.6.2 Learning Factors

4.6.3 Physical Factors
4.6.4 Mental Factors
4.6.5 Emotional and Social Factors
4.6.6 Teacher's Personality
4.6.7 Environmental Factors

4.7 Conditions of Learning
4.7.1 Variables Involved in the Teaching-Learning Process
4.7.2 Physiological Factors
4.7.3 Psychological Factors
4.7.4 Socio-Emotional Factors
4.7.5 Educational Factors

4.8 Influence of Teacher's Personality on Learning
4.8.1 Teacher's Personality
4.8.2 Teacher's Professional Abilities
4.8.3 Teacher's Competencies

Unit-5 Classroom Implications of Learning Strategies
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Learning Strategies
5.1.1 Concept of Learning Strategies
5.1.2 Classification of Learning Strategies
5.1.3 Characteristics of Strategy
5.1.4 Stages Involved in Learning Strategies
5.1.5 Types of Learning Strategies

5.2 Strategies that Integrate (Organise Information)
5.2.1 Characteristics of an Integrated Information System
5.2.2 Integration Approaches

5.3 Teaching Learning Strategies
5.3.1 Elaboration Strategies
5.3.2 Organizational Strategies
5.3.3 Memory Strategies or Recall Strategies

5.4 Approaches to Learning Strategies
5.4.1 Information Processing
5.4.2 Organizing Information

5.5 Learning Strategies for Subjects
5.5.1 Language Learning Strategies
5.5.2 Learning Strategies for Mathematics
5.5.3 Learning Strategies for Science
5.5.4 Learning Strategies for Social Studies

5.6 Active Study Strategies (Study Tactics)
5.6.2 Time Management
5.6.3 Listening and Note-taking
5.6.4 Textbook Reading
5.6.5 Exam Preparation

5.7 Effective Goal Setting Process

5.8 Classroom Strategies to Improve Learning

5.9 School is an Organisation of Learning Strategies
Suggested Readings Index